Engineering reference data for preliminary calculations.
Reference tables, terminology, design ranges, and assumptions for preliminary process engineering. Each reference explains what the values are for, the units used, the assumptions behind them, and how they can support early-stage estimates and sanity checks across heat exchanger, pump, slurry, and tank residence-time work.
These are preliminary engineering references that make common input assumptions explicit. They are useful for early-stage estimates and checks — not substitutes for project standards, vendor data, certified design, or qualified engineering review.
- References
- 15
- Clusters
- 4
References by cluster
Heat exchanger references
6 referencesTypical U-values, fouling factors, approach temperatures, design margins, and standards context for preliminary heat exchanger sizing.
Heat Exchanger Typical U-Values Reference
Typical overall heat transfer coefficient (U-value) ranges for common heat exchanger types and fluid combinations. Use for preliminary sizing estimates — not final design values.
Heat Exchanger Fouling Factors Reference
Typical fouling resistance (Rd) values for common process fluids in shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Fouling resistances derate the clean U-value for preliminary sizing.
Minimum Approach Temperature Reference for Heat Exchangers
Typical minimum approach temperature values for common heat exchanger services. The approach temperature controls the trade-off between heat transfer area and energy recovery.
Heat Exchanger Sizing Under AS 1210 Reference
High-level educational overview of how AS/NZS 1210 (Pressure Vessels) relates to heat exchanger sizing in Australian and New Zealand projects. Covers the interaction between AS 1210, AS 3857, and TEMA standards.
Heat Exchanger Design Margin Reference
Practical reference on area margin and design factor for preliminary heat exchanger sizing — typical ranges, when to apply more or less margin, and how project standards and uncertainty affect the choice.
Heat Exchanger NTU Effectiveness Reference
Reference-style context for the NTU/effectiveness method — common flow arrangements, typical ε–NTU relationships, dimensionless groups (NTU, C*), and how NTU concepts support preliminary heat exchanger checks. Not a design chart and not a calculator.
Pump & hydraulics references
3 referencesPump head, fitting minor-loss K-values, and standards-adjacent data for preliminary pump and piping hydraulics.
Fire Pump Head AS 2419 Reference
Australian standards-adjacent context for fire pump head calculations under AS 2419.1 — what the standard addresses for pump pressure and flow, how head builds up across a fire water system, and the boundaries of this educational reference. Not compliance advice.
Pipe Fitting K-Values Reference
Reference-style typical resistance coefficient (K) values for common fittings and valves used with minor-loss calculations. Preliminary values only — geometry, size, Reynolds number, and valve opening all matter. Pairs with the Minor Loss calculator.
Pipe Schedule Dimensions (ASME B36.10M / B36.19M)
Outside diameter, wall thickness and computed inside diameter of carbon and stainless steel pipe, NPS 1/8 through NPS 24, by schedule (Sch 5 through 160 and XXS), per ASME B36.10M / B36.19M. Dimensions only — not pressure ratings. ID is computed as OD − 2 × wall.
Slurry references
3 referencesTypical slurry density ranges, tailings data, and measurement-method context for preliminary slurry and mass-balance work.
Typical Slurry Density Ranges Reference
Broad, preliminary typical slurry density and percent-solids ranges by ore type and processing stage — iron ore, gold, copper, alumina, lithium, coal, and tailings/thickener/transport context. Educational ranges only, not site-specific design values.
Iron Ore Tailings Slurry Density Reference
Preliminary context for iron ore tailings slurry density and percent solids — typical solids SG for a hematite/magnetite/quartz mix, broad % solids ranges by stage, and the relationship to pipeline pumping and thickener underflow. Educational only; not a tailings design standard.
Slurry Density Measurement Methods Reference
High-level comparison of common slurry density measurement methods — Marcy/density cup, nuclear density gauge, Coriolis meter, differential-pressure/hydrostatic, lab bottle/pycnometer, and inferred-from-mass-balance — with what each measures, where it is used, strengths, limitations, and whether it is a spot or continuous reading. Orientation only; not an instrument specification.
Residence time & tank references
3 referencesResidence-time terminology, total vs working volume, freeboard, and design-margin context for preliminary tank and reactor sizing.
Space Time vs Residence Time Reference
A concise reference distinguishing nominal residence time, space time, hydraulic residence time, mean residence time, and RTD-based residence time — terminology, formulas, where each term is used, common mistakes, and limitations. Terminology varies by discipline; orientation only.
Tank Freeboard / Working Volume Reference
A concise reference for the volumes used in preliminary tank calculations — total geometric, working, and operating volume; freeboard, ullage, heel/dead volume, surge/buffer volume, and fill fraction — with the basic geometric formulas, why tanks are not operated full, and the common mistakes. Preliminary use only; not a mechanical-design standard.
Tank Residence-Time Design Margin Reference
A concise reference for design-margin concepts in residence-time and tank sizing — nominal, hydraulic, mean, design, minimum, and operating residence time; margin and flow-case formulas; throughput, turndown, and upset cases; and why margin is not a substitute for testwork. Preliminary use only; not a kinetics model or process guarantee.
These references provide typical engineering values, terminology, and design ranges with source citations for preliminary work. They are useful for early-stage estimates and checks, but they are not design values and are not substitutes for project standards, vendor data, certified design, or qualified engineering review. Confirm any value against detailed design or vendor data before procurement. Additional references are added as the engineering clusters expand.